IndexIntroductionCellular telephony in the national contextThe challenges of cellular telephony in MexicoIntroductionAs we already know, technology has made rapid progress, to the point that using a simple chip in the cell phone we can be located immediately. Technology has advanced for both good and bad. Every day engineers, technicians and system designers create increasingly complex and functional applications and tools, unthinkable until recently. Initially I will define the research tools, mobile telephony, also called cellular telephony, basically consists of two large parts: a communication network (or mobile telephone network) and terminals (or cell phones). How did the history of mobile telephony begin? In 1973 Martin Cooper invented the first mobile phone, initially large and expensive, used only by the military and some companies. In 1983 they were smaller and cheaper and could be used by the public. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on "Why Violent Video Games Shouldn't Be Banned"? Get an original essayCurrently, it is normal to assume that telecommunications are essential for the economic development of countries as they facilitate the flow of information and contribute to the smooth development of business processes. It is also part of a growing consensus to underline that, in emerging countries, mobile telephony is gradually becoming the main form of remote communication. To the obvious advantage of other means such as landline telephony and the Internet, mobile telephony has proven to offer greater access possibilities for groups who previously did not have the possibility. Establish telephone communication and greater technological versatility to offer combined services such as sending SMS and access to online information, not to mention other services such as the use of the telephone as a camera or as a music player. In Mexico, as in the case of other developing countries, mobile telephony has ended up fueling the expectation of achieving universal access to telecommunications services. The foregoing is conceived as a positive aspect in economic terms given the repercussions it can have on the attraction of significant investments, on the efficiency of production activities, in particular on the reduction of unemployment and on the reduction of operating costs of companies. Taking into account the relationship between the economic impact of telecommunications and the importance of mobile telephony today, the following thesis develops two main objectives, namely to determine what are the challenges faced by mobile telephony in Mexico and to clarify what some recommendations can be of public policy to address these challenges.Cellular telephony in the national contextThis section presents the evolution of cellular telephony in Mexico. Initially, both the technological evolution and services within the Industry are exposed, as well as the evolution of the various companies that have made what we know today possible and which are currently identified as Telcel, Telefónica, Iusacell and Unefon. The regulatory phases are already addressed at a later stage. The evolution of cellular telephony in Mexico is divided into two phases: its birth and its development. In 1988 Radiomóvil Dipsa, which would adopt the trade name of Telcel (then a subsidiary of Teléfonos de México), intended to introduce the service before any other company in the country, in Tijuana, Baja California. However, Industrias Unidas, SA (Iusacell) prevented this intention by demanding jurisdictional protection, warning that the only licensee of the mobile radio was SOS, a subsidiary of Industrias Unidas. Thiscompany claimed to have obtained since 1957, together with the concession for the exploitation of the rural radiotelephony service in 65% of the national territory (27 cities), authorization to operate mobile radiotelephony. Thus the Iusacell company was established, which began providing the service at the end of 1989, before any other competitor. The Challenges of Cellular Telephony in Mexico As stated previously, it is a shared criterion (Oestmann, 2003, Stephens, Boyd & Galarza, 2005) that in developing countries cellular technology is presented as a substitute for telephone services fixed, becoming a source of services for urban and rural groups previously excluded from access to this means of communication. In this regard, those who defend this idea point out that mobile telephony has come to offer hope for the realization of universal service and universal access. 7 Similarly, mobile telephony has improved the connectivity conditions of sectors that previously had fixed telephone service. The above defines the main challenges that mobile telephony faces in Mexico, namely how to extend services to social groups that do not yet have access and how to contribute to the consolidation of services that add value to the connectivity of sectors that already count on access. . In a disaggregated manner, the first of these two challenges can be translated as the need to implement initiatives aimed at increasing the penetration of the mobile telephony market in the economically less favored sectors of the economy. The main public policy recommendations offered concern two closely related aspects. On the one hand, the need to contribute to the expansion of connectivity towards the poorest sections of the population; on the other, the need to develop strategies for the consolidation of services that add value to the connectivity of the sectors that already access them. The expansion of connectivity to the poorest segments of the population and the need to promote geographical expansion in the use of mobile telephone services are linked to adjustments in regulatory policy and the promotion of development policies. The first aspect to consider regarding the connectivity of low-income sectors is that relating to adjustments in regulatory policy and the promotion of sector development policies. The adjustment of the regulatory policy of the sector has been linked to the correction of the failures it has had to date. The first of these elements is the strengthening of the regulatory body. The second is the adaptation of the regulatory framework. The third is the creation of optimal conditions for the development of the sector. Regarding the development of a sector development policy, the design of cell expansion plans, the implementation of a cross-subsidies system and the granting of additional incentives for investment projects with high public impact. Cell phone use in the higher education population in Mexico. In the Latin American and Mexican context, higher education is a differentiating factor, as the university student represents an elite of a smaller percentage of the entire population, so those who do not have access to it are an exclusion group. within this privileged group that accesses higher education in Mexico, there still exists a difference in this social group between "connected" and "not connected", between those who have access to the world of information and knowledge through the network and those who don't. But it is even more so those who own a cellular device and those who don't. Countries like Mexico have the problem of the digital gap which adds to poverty, marginalization and accessselective approach to higher education leads to the exclusion of young people from this new communication ecosystem. It is clear that the social impact that new technologies bring also exists, although in a smaller percentage, a factor that reveals a division between those who are connected and those who do not have the possibility of accessing the information age through these sophisticated devices and equipment such as telephone and/or Internet terminal. The reduction in the price of these technologies and the discovery of young people as a potential market will soon make it possible for almost all university students to access information and communication technologies. The use of the mobile phone has ended up transforming ways of living, everyday life and routines, some of which are that: the mobile phone always makes young people identifiable (this is for the benefit of parents), it is a safety device (calls emergency) ), but even more so in young people it is a way of status (well and for the less young), the reflection goes beyond the symbolic, among the "kids" the cell phone is fashionable, we need to listen to the music they put on so that it sounds like a call, in short this The work constitutes the initial foundation of a research, which aims to be explored in depth through the application of various tools, which will allow us to measure with greater rigor the real impact of mobile telephony and the internet in academic and social environment of our university students. Mexico and its social problems with mobile technology. A group of Mexican and foreign scientists and scientists created a project called SenseCityVity in Guanajuato to study the social environment through mobile technologies, to solve problems that arise in communities. The team consisted of researchers from the Potosino Institute for Scientific and Technological Research (Ipicyt) and the Idiap Research Institute of the Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne, Switzerland, the Conacyt Agency reported. The project focused on design technical and social, as well as on the development and execution of experiments on participatory mobile sensing and crowdsourcing (open collaboration), in collaboration with student volunteers from a technical secondary school. Those responsible for the research are doctors Salvador Ruiz Correa, in Mexico, and Daniel Gatica-Pérez, in Switzerland. "We went out with students from a school in Guanajuato to take photographs, videos, audio and voice notes, documenting what was being done to address the city's urban problems. "Our work has several purposes: on the one hand, the social , academic aspects because once the data was collected, methods of scientific visualization, statistics and social control were used", explained Dr. Ruiz Correa. The project involved 177 students from the Center for Scientific and Technological Studies of the State of Guanajuato, organized in groups of 10, consisting of seven students, two parents and a teacher, who collected data for 12 weeks. The results were applied to qualitative and quantitative analyzes and were mapped with statistical estimation techniques, to reflect the concerns urban. In this map, the main areas of interest for citizens are the traditional neighborhoods, squares, historic alleys and central avenues. The problems have been divided into three main categories: the image of the city, infrastructure and life. The greatest impact was the lack of rubbish bins and the location of those available, as well as the presence of non-artistic graffiti and the infrastructure used. Ruiz Correa said that these investigations involving citizens tend to propose solutions to social problems, both for the authorities and to raise public awareness. "What we're trying to do is not just scientific research to quantify what.