In Greek mythology, "narcissism" has its roots in the legend of Narcissus, a young man considered extremely handsome. A nymph named Echo developed an obsessive infatuation with Narcissus but he was unwilling to reciprocate such feelings with her or with others. Eventually he gave up and isolated himself. Narcissus was later cursed to become socially isolated and reviled due to his complete self-absorption by loving his own shadow from the pool (Wall & Loewenthal, 1998). Ellis (1898) first developed the concept of narcissism as a psychological construct referring to excessive masturbation by people who become their sexual objects. This concept was later adopted by Sigmund Freud (1914/1957) and other eminent psychoanalysts. “Narcissistic personality disorder” was first introduced by Heinz Kohut (1968), the founder of self psychology, and “narcissistic personality” by Otto Kernberg (1970), the main contributor to modern object relations theory. The DSM did not adopt the diagnosis of Narcissistic Personality Disorder until the third revised edition published in 1980 (Siomopoulos, 1988). Therefore, over the last century, the general term “narcissism” rather than Narcissistic Personality Disorder has usually been seen in the literature. From a recent study by Pincus et al. (2009), narcissism has been conceptualized as “the ability to maintain a relatively positive self-image through a variety of self-, affect-, and field-regulatory processes. It underlies individuals' needs for validation and affirmation, as well as the motivation to openly and covertly seek self-enhancing experiences in the social environment” (p.365). Normal and pathological narcissism. Researchers usually use the terms normal and pathological characteristics of narcissism to describe adaptive and maladaptive personality structures, respectively, which represent different psychological needs for self-enhancement, validation, and regulatory mechanisms (e.g., Kernberg 1998, Kohut 1977, Morf 2006, Pincus 2005, Ronningstam 2009). , Stone 1998). Some believe that normal and pathological narcissism are located on a single continuum or dimension from healthy to disordered functioning (e.g., Cooper, 2005; Miller, Hoffman, Campbell & Pilkonis, 2008; Paulhus, 1998; Ronningstam, 2005b & Watson, 2005), while others have argued that adaptive and pathological narcissism may be two distinct dimensions of personality (e.g., Ansell 2006; Dickinson & Pincus, 2003; Pincus et al., 2009; Rathvon & Holmstrom, 1996; Wink, 1991 ). You may find that social and personality psychology studies have more interest in normal narcissism (e.g., Miller & Campbell, 2008), whereas clinical psychology researchers have focused more on studies of pathological narcissism (and.