Privacy ConcernsMost studies have shown that popular opinion holds that without a doubt, national DNA databases have proven useful in criminal investigations (Wallace, 2006, pS27). The concept of a national DNA database has raised privacy and human rights concerns viewed through the realm of public safety. All of these concerns are elevated with databases that include convicted, arrested, innocent, and “rehabilitated” offenders (Suter, 2010, p339). Robin Williams of the University of Duham (2006) states that: “The rapid implementation and continued expansion of forensic DNA databases around the world has been supported by claims about their effectiveness in criminal investigations and challenged by claims about the resulting intrusion in individual privacy” (p545). To determine the balance between privacy and public safety, legislation must address many questions including (but not limited to): when is it necessary to obtain a sample and from whom, is consent required, is force to obtain a sample ever acceptable , and which samples should be preserved? Dr. Katina Michael reported that some cases constitute acceptable collection and storage of DNA samples (Table 4). The United States, England, and Wales contain laws that authorize the collection of DNA from individuals arrested for violations of certain federal criminal laws and the inclusion of all profiles in the national DNA database. The main concerns are these legal authorizations regarding a person's privacy and the legal search and seizure of biological specimens. For many countries such as the United States it is necessary to adopt special legislation which has led to delays in the implementation of DNA databases (Goodwin, et al., 2007, p102). In the United States...... middle of paper ...data from law enforcement databases” for those who receive acquittals or whose convictions are overturned; there is no reference to physical DNA samples (Lwin, 2010, p21). Historically, legislative proposals have sought indefinite retention of evidentiary DNA samples, however the United States, unlike England and Wales, does not refer to periods of retention of genetic information after completion of sentencing. Individuals may be concerned about personal genetic identifiers if the physical sample is retained after completion of sentencing, acquittal, or if found innocent (Congressional Research Service, 2010, pp13-14; Beiber, 2002, p14). The studies say that the method of sample collection, accreditation of agencies collecting samples, legislative limits on retention periods of biometric information, and attention to the balance between privacy and crime deterrence will structure a DNA database model successful.