Boundary layers are thin regions near the wall in the flow where viscous forces are important and influence the engineering process of manufacturing materials. For example, viscous forces play an essential role in glass fiber drawing, crystal growth, plastic extrusion, etc.[1] The quality of the final product depends on the cooling rate in the process, therefore it is necessary to estimate the thickness of the thermal boundary layer. Blasius [2] studied the simplest boundary layer on a flat plate. He employed a similarity transformation that reduces the boundary layer partial differential equations to a third-order nonlinear ordinary differential equation before solving it analytically. The dynamics of boundary layer flow over a stretching surface originates from the pioneering work of Crane [3]. Subsequently, various aspects of the problem were studied by Dutta et al. [4], Chen and Char [5], etc. Vajravelu [6] studied the flow and heat transfer in a viscous fluid on a nonlinear stretch sheet neglecting viscous dissipation, then Cortell [7] presented his study on the flow and heat transfer on a stretch sheet nonlinear for two different types of thermal boundary conditions on the sheet, constant surface temperature and prescribed surface temperature. Nadeem et al. [8] studied the effects of heat transfer on the stagnation flow of a third-order fluid over a shrinking sheet. Recently, Prasad et al. [9] studied mixed convection heat transfer on a nonlinear stretching surface with varying fluid properties. Thanks to recent studies, scientists have realized that devices need to be cooled more effectively and that conventional fluids such as water are no longer appropriate, so the idea of adding nanometer-sized particles to... ... middle of the card ...... low.Nu= (xq_w)/(K(T_w-T_∞)) ,Sh = (xq_m)/(D_B (C_w-C_∞)),C_f=τ_w/ (ρ〖〖 u〗_∞〗^2 ) (13)Here τ_w is the surface shear stress and q_w, q_m are the heat and mass flux at the surface respectively and are defined as follows: τ_w=├ μ( ∂u/∂y) ┤| y=0 (14)q_w=-K(T_w-T_∞ ) x^((n-1)/2) √(2&(n+1)a/2ν)θ^' (0) (15)q_m= -D_B (C_w-C_∞ ) x^((n-1)/2) √(2&(n+1)a/2ν)ϕ^' (0) (16)It is worth remembering that using variables without dimensions Eq.7, we can obtain the heat and mass transfer rate and skin friction coefficient as follows: Nu/√(2&〖Re〗_x )=-θ^' (0) (17)Sh/√ (2&〖Re〗_x )=-ϕ^' (0)√(2&2〖Re〗_x )C_f=f^'' (0)As mentioned before there is no exact solution for the case n ≠1 so we have solved the highly nonlinear equations (8) to (10) with the homotopy analysis method [HAM] as a semi-analytical technique which we will discuss in the next section of this article.
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