Friedrich Nietzsche's skepticism symbolized the secular changes in contemporary Western civilization, in which he details humanity's break from belief in a new rule of chaos. In book 5 of The Gay Science, Nietzsche establishes that “God is dead,” meaning that modern Europe has abandoned religion in favor of rationality and science (Nietzsche 279). From this death flourishes the birth of a "new" infinity in which the world is open to an unlimited quantity of interpretations that do not rest on the solid foundations of faith in religion or science. However, unlike other philosophers of his era such as Immanuel Kant and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Nietzsche moves away from the omniscient determinism of history towards a more disorganized progression of history. In short, Nietzsche opposes Hegel and Kant's notion of the teleological aspect of the progressive history of humanity because Nietzsche believes that human progress cannot be determined distinctly by a single plan but rather by random events that support individual freedom. Nietzsche exclaims that the establishment of The New Infinity was a direct consequence of humanity's general isolation from faith. Because the old infinity was built on divine foundations in a desperate human attempt at certainty, most interpretations of the old system became widely accepted as a whole, while individual perspectives were abandoned for a herd mentality. Kant and Hegel are unwitting supporters of the old infinity, as their interpretations of the search for truth in the world and its past experiences similarly seek to support a collective perception of the world, much like Christianity. The two philosophers retrace the history of humanity...... middle of paper ......our new infinity as we finally have the ability to give voice to our thoughts. Nietzsche demonstrates how the world and its human inhabitants are more productive when left to their own devices. Even though “God is dead,” science served as a substitute for religion, which Nietzsche can only describe as the “Error of errors” (Nietzsche 301). Ultimately, Nietzsche supports the rule of chaos, as he separates himself from humanity's need for certainty and truth that comes from science and religion. The importance of such unpredictable events fuels the freedom of spirit of the individual who savors the uncertainty and spontaneous elements of the new infinity. In such independence, there is hope that the individual can create his or her own destiny such that we now possess the ability to claim our own interpretations in a world of which we are undeniably a part..