Analyzed types of violations of laws (called decisions) including restraints of trade, misrepresentations in advertising, infringement of patents, trademarks, and copyrights, unfair employment, financial fraud and breach of trust. Sutherland's (1949) results were exceptional. It found a total of 980 adverse decisions against the 70 companies. Of the 980, 583 were issued by courts and 397 by administrative agencies (Sutherland, 1949). Furthermore, of the 70 companies, 30 were illegal in origin or began illegal activities immediately after their origin, and 8 were probably illegal in origin or in origin.