Since the United States Constitution took effect in 1789, the United States has operated a federal government, meaning that the national powers and state are divided. Throughout history, the type of federalism implemented has changed. After the end of the Civil War and Reconstruction period, dual federalism was put into practice and remained in effect until the early 20th century. Dual federalism includes a small amount of power granted to the national government and a larger amount granted to the state government. Political scientist. Morton Grozdins, described dual federalism as “layered federalism,” since the powers of government are separated like the layers of a cake (Champagne, 42). Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on "Why Violent Video Games Shouldn't Be Banned"? Get an original essay Between 1957 and 1968, layered federalism began to evolve into "marble pie federalism," which is a form of federalism in which state and national powers become more incorporated and begin to overlap. Unlike tiered federalism, the state government has no more power than the national government. This type of federalism was introduced by the expansion of the national government to protect minority rights (43). In Texas, parties began to form with ideologies that favored one form of federalism over the other. The Progressive movement, which favored a stronger role in the national government, began when Woodrow Wilson was elected president in 1912. Progressives moved toward marble-pie federalism because they believed that the state government should have no more power than the national government (47 ). . After World War I, national power expanded due to fear of communists and radicals after the Bolshevik revolution in Russia. State governments lost the power to elect senators by state legislatures rather than by citizen votes. Ratification of the Women's Suffrage Amendment and the Income Tax Amendment also reduced the power of the state government by eliminating their individual choice in the matter. The role of the national government in addressing financial problems has been greatly strengthened by the establishment of the Federal Reserve, which serves as the central bank for the United States (49). Please note: this is just an example. Get a custom paper from our expert writers now. Get a Custom Essay Due to a change in Republican dominance in Texas in the 1980s, the Texas Republican Party known as the Tea Party, founded under the leadership of Governor Rick Perry. The fundamental belief was that the national government had become too powerful and intrusive in the lives of individuals. Another belief of the party was that national government spending would bankrupt the nation (57). The Tea Party wanted the power of the national government weakened, especially its power to regulate interstate commerce, and the power of the state government strengthened. The Tea Party also believes that the Constitution should be interpreted to protect states' rights under the Tenth Amendment, which provides that all powers not granted to the national government should be vested in the states (59). The Tea Party's ideology is most closely reflected with tiered federalism, as it requires a clear distinction between state and national powers and prefers the national government to have a weaker role than the state government in terms of power..