IndexClostridia: general characteristicsHabitatGrowthGenomeMovementNutritionC. Tetanus:TetanusSymptomsCausePathophysiologyDiagnosisPreventionTreatmentC. Botulium: botulismSymptomsCausePathophysiologyDiagnosisPreventionTreatmentC. Perfrigens: CelluliteSymptomsCausePathophysiologyDiagnosisPreventionTreatmentC. perfrigens: Gas gangreneSymptomsCausePathophysiologyDiagnosisPreventionTreatmentReferences Anaerobic bacteria do not replicate in the presence of oxygen. Three categories of anaerobic bacteria include obligate anaerobes, aerotolerant anaerobes, and facultative anaerobes. Although most species are obligate anaerobes, some can survive aerobic conditions and are aerotolerant. There are almost 200 species of Clostridium, some of which are pathogenic for humans. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on "Why Violent Video Games Shouldn't Be Banned"? Get an original essay Clostridia: general characteristics Habitat Present in soil, water and various humid environments of the earth, for example in some plant roots. They also live in human bodies (intestinal flora) and in animal bodies. Growth Reproduces by binary fission. The round strand of DNA begins to replicate and the cell elongates as new copies of DNA move to opposite poles of the cell. Replication ends and the cell resumes growth. The plasma membrane begins to invaginate and a new cell wall appears. The result is two identical daughter cells. Genome A single circular chromosome with millions of base pairs and a round plasmid with seven thousand base pairs. About 11% of the genome is made up of transposons, mobile segments of DNA that can travel within the genome.MovementMoves with peritrichous flagella, evenly distributed across the surface of the cell, providing motility to the bacteria.NutritionHeterotrophic, relying on organic sources for nutrition. They obtain energy for adenosine triphosphate through fermentation and acquire nutrients from dead plants and animals in the soil.C. Tetanus: Tetanus Symptoms Bloody stools, diarrhea, headache, general muscle pain, sweating, increased heart rate, trismus, difficulty swallowing, respiratory failure, and neuronal inactivation. Tachycardia is also observed. Cause Tetanus infection is produced by contamination of a wound with the causative bacterium, C. tetani. The anaerobic tissue environment facilitates C. tetani replication and exotoxin secretion. The powerful toxin tetanospasmin attaches to inhibitory neurons, blocking the release of neurotransmitters and damaging the nerves that control motor neurons. Pathophysiology Tetanus toxin gains access to nerve terminals via lower motor neurons, affecting voluntary muscle movements. It progresses through axons to the spinal cord and brainstem, then transsynaptically into nerve terminals responsible for the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters. Diagnosis Established primarily on the basis of physical examination, clinical symptoms, medical and vaccination history. The wound may not be distinct and C. tetani is detected in one third of all infected wounds. Prevention The administration of tetanus toxoid is a preventive action, providing protection through vaccination. Treatment There is no cure for tetanus. Treatment includes wound debridement, medications (antitoxins, antibiotics, vaccines, and sedatives) to reduce symptoms, and supportive care.C. Botulinum: BotulismSymptomsVomiting, diarrhea, blurred vision, difficulty swallowing, difficulty breathing, muscle weakness, dry mouth, respiratory failure, nausea, and potential death.CauseSeveral factors can cause botulism, including consumption offood containing botulinum toxin, wound entry, inhalation, consumption by infants, intestinal colonization and iatrogenic (clinical and cosmetic botox overdose). Pathophysiology The mechanism involves toxin-mediated blockade of neuromuscular communication in cholinergic nerve fibers. Toxins are ingested from the intestine and stomach, enter through skin breakdown and disperse hematogenously. prevent neuromuscular communication in cholinergic nerve fibers. Diagnosis History and clinical examination, identification of toxins, brain scans, lumbar puncture, electromyography and blood tests.PreventionVaccination, correct cooking of food, refrigeration, checking expiry dates of foods, maintaining a safe cooking environment and ensuring good personal hygiene.TreatmentHospitalisation, ventilatory support, antitoxin injections, surgical treatment of wounds, antibiotics for secondary infections.C. Perfrigens: CellulitisSymptomsRedness and inflammation, fever, blisters, swelling, fatigue, increased temperature, pain, rash, sweating.CauseLesions (cuts or cracks in the skin), long-term skin diseases, lymphedema, obesity, compromised immune system.PathophysiologyViolation in the skin allows organisms on the skin to enter the dermis and replicate, causing cellulite. Mainly caused by streptococcus.DiagnosisPhysical examination of affected areas, lymph nodes and skin condition.PreventionGood personal hygiene, wound protection, treatment of superficial infections, maintaining overall skin health.TreatmentRest of affected area, wound cleaning and protection, antibiotics orally or intravenously, cryotherapy on the affected area, elevation of the affected limb, surgery if necessary.C. perfrigens: Gas gangreneSymptomsGas bubbles, vomiting, high fever, swelling, sweating, pain around the affected area, discoloration of the skin.CauseDeep wounds, injured tissue, open fractures, muscle damage, colon cancer, diabetes.PathophysiologyCreated by spore-forming bacilli, the organisms are true saprophytes, producing gases and about 20 exotoxins. Diagnosis Skin culture tests, blood tests, X-rays, MRI, surgery. Prevention Proper personal hygiene, wound protection, antibiotics to prevent infections, avoiding tobacco, maintaining a healthy lifestyle and body mass index. Please note: this is just an example. Get a custom paper from our expert writers now.Receive a custom essayTreatmentHigh doses of antibiotics, surgical removal of affected tissue, amputation if necessary, hyperbaric oxygen therapy.ReferencesShahab Quereshi. (2019). Clostridial infections. emedicine.medscape. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/214992-overview#a4. [Accessed 14 June 2019].Larry M Bush. (2018). Gas gangrene. MSD manual. https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-infections-anaerobic-bacteria/gas-gangrene. [Accessed 1 July 2018].William A Morrison. (2016). Gas gangrene. health line. https://www.healthline.com/health/gas-gangrene. [Accessed 16 February 2016].Stephanie S Gardner. (2019). Cellulite. wenMD. https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/guide/cellulitis#1. [Accessed February 3, 2019].Alana Biggers. (2019). Cellulite. health line. https://www.healthline.com/health/cellulitis#treatment. [Accessed 14 May 2019].Cellulite. (2018). mayo clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cellulitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20370762. [Accessed April 10, 2018].Cellulite. (2017). Professional version of the Merck manual. https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/bacterial-skin-infections/cellulitis. Accessed on the 13th 2011].