IndexLiterature ReviewMethodParticipantsMaterialsProceduresDiscussionReferencesRegardless of where in the world an individual resides, sleep is something fundamental that every living being needs. However, depressed individuals are more prone to sleep loss and abnormal sleep/wake patterns, which may influence the trajectory of their depression, along with the severity and frequency of depressive episodes. Individuals living with depression are more vulnerable to adverse outcomes from even the slightest disruptions to their social rhythm; social rhythm is essentially the usual time and manner in which an individual begins and ends their day. Objective: To study the relationship between sleep loss and depression cross-culturally. Method: Participants from different parts of the world with depression and participants without depression will report changes in mood, mental state and sleep based on the stability of their social rhythm, which will be measured using a social rhythm metric (SRM) and the average hours of sleep will also be measured. The General Behavior Inventory (GBI) will be used to select participants. The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) will be used to measure the severity of depression. Positive and negative events will be measured using the Life Events Scale (LES) and the Life Event Interview Rating Form (LIRF) will be used to assess the magnitude of effect or no effect that social rhythm disruption has on the social rhythm of participants. Results: To be determined… Implications: The results will provide more information on how to address this problem, as well as promote better sleep hygiene and interventions to disrupt sleep. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on "Why Violent Video Games Shouldn't Be Banned"? Get an Original EssayLiterature ReviewIt is no surprise that sleep loss and sleep disorders are something that many people face. There are many different factors that contribute to disruptions in sleep/wake rhythms. However, some individuals are more vulnerable to those interruptions that interfere with their daily routine or social rhythm and experience these negative effects on normal functioning more. An interruption can be the occurrence of an event that prevents the individual from doing what is usually done at a certain time, interrupting the entire day. According to the Social Rhythm Metric-Trait assessment, social rhythm consists of the time and frequency with which an individual gets out of bed, what time he or she has breakfast/drink, first interaction with another person, etc. (Monk et al., 1990 ). An example of this would be a person who usually leaves the house for work at 8am, but something happens that causes them to leave a couple of hours later than usual, which could negatively affect the rest of their days if you are a depressed individual. or depressive symptoms. In previous studies, researchers have found that people diagnosed with bipolar spectrum disorder are more prone to sleep loss due to disruptions in their daily routine or social rhythm, which also predicts the course of their manic/hypomanic episodes ( Alloy et al., 2012). ). Although much research has been done on the relationship between social rhythm disruptions and patients with bipolar spectrum disorder (BSD), not much has been studied on how social rhythm disruption (SRD) affects sleep and depression globally . Depression is a mental health disorder just as common as BSD. Especially in developing countries, the symptoms of depression and thedepression are significantly more common than in developed countries (Wang et al., 2017). This study aims to examine the relationship between social rhythm disruptions, sleep loss, and depression cross-culturally by studying individuals from different parts of the world. Around the world, sleep patterns vary from culture to culture. There are many different factors as to why this might be. One reason is that significant differences in the frequency distribution of clock gene alleles, which regulates sleep timing and physiological processes, have been found among populations around the world (Ciarleglio et al., 2008). This shows that cross-culturally the social rhythm will also be different, which could play a role in sleep loss and depression. In a study analyzing sleep patterns in Chinese children, researchers found that total sleep time was less than that of Western children (Jiang et al., 2007). Jiang et al (2007) also found that sleep problems occurring in different regions are the result of behavioral and health problems. According to research conducted by Franzen and Buysse (2008), there is a strong link between insomnia and depression; insomnia is often associated with the development and course of depression, as well as the severity and duration of depressive episodes. Insomnia and depression often go hand in hand. Researchers also discuss that sleep disorders and insomnia are related in a bidirectional manner, where individuals with circadian rhythm disorders such as sleep phase syndrome, had or have a current history of depression (Franzen and Buysse, 2008 ). A person's social rhythm or circadian rhythm clearly impacts the sleep/wake cycle, especially for someone who has been diagnosed with depression. In a study using results from the China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB), a genomic database composed of questionnaires, physical data and blood samples collected from half a million Chinese participants from ten regions in China, researchers found that there is a strong association between abnormal sleep disorders, duration and depression (Sun et al., 2018). Both short and long sleep duration were linked to depression. This shows that even cross-culturally there is a significant association with depression and an imbalance in normal sleep rhythm and circadian rhythm. Sole et al. (2018) also note that longer sleep duration combined with sleep disturbances had the greatest likelihood of depression, indicating that there is a relationship between disruptions in sleep/wake rhythms and depression. Results from other research indicate that individuals with major depressive disorder experience greater sleep loss and are more susceptible to the negative effects of changes in daily routines than healthy participants; researchers note that longitudinal research is needed in the near future to clarify the temporal relationship between these different variables (Haynes, McQuaid, Ancoli-Israel & Martin, 2006). A disruption in the social rhythm may not affect people who have not been diagnosed with depression and who will recover easily, but depressed people will suffer more. Researchers also found that even at least one disruption to daily routines in depressed individuals increased wake time and decreased sleep time compared to individuals who were not depressed (Haynes, McQuaid, Ancoli-Israel, & Martin, 2006). This shows how important it is to maintain the social rhythm and that a disruption in the social rhythm affects sleep in depressed individuals, even if it is a small change in their daily routine. Many studies have shownthe harmful effects of sleep loss, sleep disturbances and disruptions to the social rhythm. (SRD) on the trajectory and severity of mental health disorders, such as bipolar spectrum disorder (BDS), but not many studies have examined how it affects people diagnosed with depression or who exhibit depressive symptoms, which is equally pervasive mental disorder. health disorder, cross-culturally. Due to various factors, including but not limited to genetics, people around the world have different sleep/wake patterns, so disruptions in social rhythms would also affect them differently. This study aims to investigate the relationship between social rhythm disruptions, sleep loss, and sleep disturbances in individuals with depression in a global perspective. Method Participants Participants in this study will be recruited through online posts and flyers published in various bulletins in different bars and coffee shops. The post will state “Participants needed for sleep and social rhythm study.” The sample will consist of 50 individuals in total, aged between 18 and 40. The sample will be composed of native and non-native people from the United States. Half of the group will be made up of those who have previously been diagnosed with depression by their psychiatrist and/or primary care physician. The other half will constitute the control group; consist of healthy participants who have no history or family history of depression. Exclusion criteria will include individuals with a reported history of substance abuse. This study will use purposive sampling; individuals with and without a reported history of depression will be part of the study. MaterialsThe General Behavior Inventory (GBI) (Depue & Klein, 1988; Depue, Krauss, Spoont, & Arbisi, 1989; Depue et al., 1981). The GBI will be used to select participants. This is a 73-item self-report inventory that measures the presence of clinical symptoms of depression and manic mood disorders on a four-point scale. An example is: “Were there periods lasting several days or longer in which you lost almost all interest in people close to you and spent a lot of time alone?” scored on a 4-point Likert-type scale (0 = never or almost never; 3 = very often/almost constantly) to report how often they experienced a behavior in the past year. A Social Rhythm Metric (SRM) (Monk et al., 1990). This tool will be used to measure social rhythm, i.e. the time and frequency with which an individual gets out of bed, time of having breakfast/drink, first interaction with another person, etc. (Monk et al., 1990). A sample item is time spent “out of bed”. The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) (Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A., & Brown, G.K., 1996). This will be used to measure the severity of the depression. An example of the items is “Sadness, where 0 indicates not feeling sad, 1 indicates feeling sad most of the time, 2 indicates feeling sad all the time, and 3 indicates feeling so sad or unhappy that it is unbearable.” Life Events Scale (LES) (Holmes, TH & Rahe, RH, 1967). This will be used to measure positive and negative events. A score of 300+ indicates that an individual is at risk of disease, a score of 150-299+ indicates that the risk of disease is moderate (reduced by 30% compared to the risk above), and a score of 150- indicates only a slight risk of disease. A sample item consists of “Death of an immediate family member” with a mean score of 100. Life Event Interview Rating Form (LIRF) (Alloy et al., 2006). This tool will be used to assess the magnitude of effect or lack of effect that social rhythm disruption has on participants' social rhythm. Procedures The participantsthey will be recruited via flyers posted in various bars and coffee shops, along with online posts on different social media platforms. They will be randomly selected and matched by age, gender and ethnicity. No specific age, gender or ethnicity is preferred. Each participant will be provided with a consent form and assessments to complete. Individuals will be asked to complete self-assessments based on their group. The participant's emotional state and depression trajectory will be measured using a lifetime psychiatric diagnostic interview. They will be asked to report sleep/wake patterns and keep a sleep diary. Participants will be asked to make no changes to current activities and diet. The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) will be used to measure the severity of depression. Disruptions in social rhythm will be assessed using the Life Events Interview Rating Form (LIRF; Alloy et al., 2006). Participants will be asked to report any disruption to the social rhythm and its effect. The Life Events Scale (LES) is composed of 193 positive and negative events; will be used to evaluate events reported by participants. The study will be conducted over a six-week period to ensure the accuracy of the results. A follow-up assessment consisting of completing three measures will be performed every two weeks to note changes in mood and the trajectory of depression and resulting depressive episodes. changes in social rhythm, disruptions in social rhythm, and average amount of sleep. For the control group, a follow-up assessment will be planned to study changes in mood, emotional state in response to reported differences in social rhythm, disruptions in social rhythm, and total hours of sleep on average. These changes will be compared between the two groups to analyze the differences between sleep patterns, emotional state and course of depression and depressive episode for the group composed of participants diagnosed with depression. Discussion Individuals, regardless of whether they are from Western or non-Western countries, who are diagnosed with depression are expected to be more susceptible to sleep loss and sleep disturbances than healthy individuals. In Chinese participants from ten different regions of China, researchers found that there is a strong link between irregular sleep patterns and depression (Sun et al., 2018) and through the use of longitudinal studies of participants living in Detroit and in other metropolitan areas (Wrocław, Roth, Rosenthal, & Andreski, 1996), Franze and Buysse (2008) concluded that a large population of individuals with depression experiences sleep problems, which may suggest a relapse into depression and depression-like symptoms. depression. Based on these findings, the study will conclude that there is a relationship between abnormal sleep patterns and depression. Disruptions of social rhythm cycles have been shown to have a large impact on the sleep of participants with depression (Riemann, Berger, & Voderholzer, 2001). Using the social rhythm metric (Monk et al., 1990), social rhythm will be measured to show how irregular social rhythm is associated with sleep problems in patients with depression. Many other studies also show the link between sleep alterations and depression; Poor sleep quality is often one of the main complaints of depressed patients (Tsumo, Besset, & Richie, 2005). Limitations of this study will include the use of self-reports, such as the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) (Beck, AT, Steer, RA, & Brown, GK, 1996) and Social Rhythm Metric (SRM) (Monk et al., 1990) for some evaluations, which could-2017-017173