Index Introduction Applications of the elements of the P block in daily life: Group III elements: Group IV elements: Group V elements: Group VI elements: Group VII elements: Group VIII Elements:Conclusion:IntroductionThe p-block of the periodic table consists of groups 13, 14, 15, 16,17 and 18. The elements in the p-block have their outermost electrons in the p-orbital of their shells, so they are called elements of the block p. The p block consists of solids and gases, metalloids and nonmetals. The p-block elements do not follow any specific trend in their occurrence. Some are usually found in combination with other elements, for example oxygen and sulphur: while others are found free, for example noble gases. Some elements are abundant in nature while others are rare. Aluminum, silicon, oxygen are abundant while heavier elements are rare. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on "Why Violent Video Games Shouldn't Be Banned"? Get an original essay General trends for p-block elements: atomic size decreases along the period and increases along the group, first enthalpy of ionization of the p-block elements generally decrease along the group and increase moving from left to right along a period, however, there are some exceptions, for example, the enthalpy of first ionization of a group 16 element is lower than that of a group 15 element. The electron affinity generally becomes more negative as you move from left to right along a period, because it becomes easier for the atom to acquire electrons due to the greater nuclear attraction, and it becomes less negative down the group as it becomes more difficult for an atom to acquire electrons. Electronegativity increases along the period and decreases along the group. Fluorine, oxygen, and nitrogen are the most electronegative elements in the periodic table in the order given. Along the period the metallic character decreases, while the non-metallic character increases, and moving down the group the metallic character increases, while the non-metallic character decreases. Among the p elements there are elements that can be both cations and anions (A1, Ca, Ti, Se, Pb, PB, Sb, Bi) or just anions (В, С, Sі, N, Р, Аs, О, Те , Р, СІ, Вг, І, Аt). Applications of P-block elements in daily life: Group III elements: Group three elements are the elements that contain three electrons in the outermost shell. These elements include B, Al, Ga, In, Th. These compounds are very useful in daily life and can be used for many different purposes, such as construction, electronics, and the production of other materials. The applications of some important elements are discussed below. Boron: Boron's atomic number is 5 and its mass number is 10.811. The melting point of boron is very high, 2,200 °C (4,000 °F). Boron is a useful material and can be used in rocket fuel igniters and fireworks. The most important compounds of boron are boric (or boracic) acid, borax (sodium borate) and boric oxide. These can be found in eye drops, mild antiseptics, detergents and tile glazes. Borax was used to make bleach and as a food preservative. Boric oxide is also used in the production of durable Pyrex glass, while fiberglass fabrics and insulation are made from borosilicate glass. Sodium octoborate is a flame retardant, and B-10 is used in nuclear reactors because it absorbs neutrons well.Aluminum: Aluminum is an important element found in abundance on earth. It has an atomic number of 13, an atomic weight of 26.9815, and a melting point of 660 °C (1,220 °F). He comesused in different fields of life such as architecture, electronics and transportation. Because aluminum is strong, it is suitable for architectural work, it conducts electricity, so it is suitable to be used for cables, and because it is lightweight, vehicles made with it are easier to maneuver and more fuel efficient. Gallium: The Gallium's atomic number is 31 and its relative atomic mass is 69,723. the melting point of Gallium is 29.7646°C. Gallium arsenide has a similar structure to silicon and therefore is a useful substitute for silicon for the electronics industry. It is an important component of many semiconductors and is used in red LEDs (light-emitting diodes) due to its ability to convert electricity into light. The Mars Exploration Rover's solar panels also contained gallium arsenide. It is also used in semiconductors, LEDs, and to record temperatures that would cause a thermometer to vaporize. Group IV Elements: Group IV elements of the periodic table contain four electrons in their outermost shell. These are perhaps some of the most common and most important elements in the periodic table. These elements include carbon, silicon, germanium, tin and lead. Some of these elements occupy an extremely important place in human civilization and always have. Carbon: Carbon's atomic number is 6 and its atomic weight is 12. Carbon has a melting point of 3550 oC. Three common crystalline allotropes are graphite, diamond, and (usually) fullerenes. Carbon (in the form of coal is used as a fuel. Graphite is used for pencil tips, high-temperature crucibles, dry cells, electrodes and as a lubricant. Diamonds are used in jewelry and industry for cutting, drilling, smoothing and polishing Carbon black is used as a black pigment in printing ink The radioactive isotope 14C is used in archaeological dating. Silicon: Silicon's atomic number is 14 and its relative atomic mass is 28.085 and ferrosilicon Are used to make dynamo plates and transformers, engine blocks of cylinder heads and machine tools and for deoxidizing steel Silicone oil is a lubricant and is added to some cosmetics and hair conditioners. Silicone rubber is used as a waterproof sealant in bathrooms and around windows, pipes and roofs. It is also used as a semiconductor in solid-state devices. Silicon carbides are important as abrasives and are also used in lasers. Tin: Tin's atomic number is 50 and its atomic weight is 118.69. . The melting point is 231.97 °C and is used for many purposes such as tinning, the production of glass plates, alloys such as pewter, metal bell, bronze, dulling of ceramic bodies, as an abrasive, to make fabrics heavier and in toothpastes. Organic tin compounds act as stabilizers in some plastics and as wood preservatives. Elemental tin is not toxic, but organic tin compounds used as fungicides etc. they are toxic. Group V Elements: Group V elements are those elements that contain 5 electrons in their outermost shell. These elements are non-metallic in nature and include elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth. Some everyday uses of some of these items will be discussed below. Nitrogen: Nitrogen's atomic number is 7 and its relative atomic mass is 14,007. And the melting point is -210.0°C. Nitrogen is a very important constituent of macronutrients such as proteins and is therefore essential for the proper functioning of both humans and plants. Nitrogen is important for the chemical industry. It is used to produce fertilizers, nitric acid, dyes, nylon and explosives. Ammonia, which is one of the mostof nitrogen, is produced using the Haber process and approximately 150 million tonnes of ammonia are produced in this way every year. It is used for food preservation, in the electronics industry, and in the annealing of stainless steel and other steel products. Annealing is a heat treatment that makes steel easier to work with. Liquid nitrogen can also work as a refrigerant.Phosphorus: The atomic number of phosphorus is 15 and its atomic weight is 30.97. its melting point is 44.2°C. Phosphorus is an important plant nutrient and is mainly used in the production of fertilizers. Phosphorus is used in the manufacture of safety matches (red phosphorus), pyrotechnics and incendiary projectiles. Phosphorus is also used in steelmaking and phosphor bronze production. It is also used in LEDs. Group VI Elements: Group VI elements are the elements that have six electrons in the outermost shell. In group VI, together with sulphur, selenium, tellurium and polonium, the fundamental element for the existence of life, namely oxygen, is present. These elements normally exist in the -2 oxidation state and are nonmetals, oxygen being the only gaseous element. Oxygen: The atomic number of oxygen is 8 and its atomic weight is 16. It exists as a gas at room temperature with the molecular structure formula of O2 The most important application of oxygen is that this gas is used for respiration in vast majority of life forms, including humans, plants, aquatic species, fungi and microorganisms. It is transported in the blood as oxyhemoglobin and leads to the formation of ATP. Furthermore, oxygen is reactive and therefore reacts with numerous compounds to form oxides such as sulfur dioxide, magnesium oxide and aluminum oxide. It also helps combustion and its compounds such as KMnO4 can be used as an oxidizing agent in organic reactions. Sulfur: Sulfur is also an important blocking element of the sixth group. Its atomic number is 16 and its atomic weight is 32. It exists as a solid at room temperature. It is very important for two reasons, firstly sulfur is a vital trace element. Sulfur is contained in many biomolecules, for example proteins, amino acids (cysteine, cystine, methionine, etc.), hormones (insulin), vitamins (B), and a lot of sulfur is contained in hair, bones and nervous tissue. Secondly, sulfur is used in the production of one of the most economically valuable substances, sulfuric acid by the Contact process. Sulfuric acid is used in a large number of industries such as paint and textiles. Group VII Elements: The elements of the seventh group of the periodic table are also known as halogens and their ions are known as halides. Halogens contain seven electrons in their outermost shell and only need to gain one electron to reach a stable configuration. The group contains elements in all three physical states, i.e., fluorine and chlorine are gases at room temperature, bromine is a liquid, and iodine and astatine are solids.Fluorine: Fluorine is the most electronegative element in the periodic table. Its atomic number is and its atomic weight is 19. The melting point of fluorine is -220ºC. Its common uses include the Teflon compound used as a non-stick coating. Fluoride is also added to toothpaste and drinking water to help reduce tooth decay and is present in the clay used in some pottery. It is also involved in the production of nuclear energy and is used in the production of fluoroquinolones, which are antibiotics.Chlorine: The second halogen is chlorine; its atomic number is 17 and its atomic weight is 35.5. Chlorine has many industrial uses, for example it comes.