This is why we need to understand what it means to be successful. As stated in the book The Logic of Failure, Dietrich Dörner analyzes the importance of failure on success by stating: “If success comes too easily, the game is no fun. If success is impossible, the game is too frustrating” (Dörner 61). Dörner uses "success" as a metaphor for a game, and failure is supposed to aid a goal's ability to function properly. What I mean by failure is putting effort into learning and learning from mistakes. Lisa emphasizes the idea that she calls “smart but not hard,” suggesting that a smart individual may not do well in school, while a person who hasn't put in much effort in school cheats and thus receives high grades (Nunn 32). Here, I believe failure is measured by the amount of effort put into a task. I think putting a lot of effort into something and not getting the desired result automatically makes it a success because an attempt was made. Another key idea for success is to prepare for failure. In his book Success through Failure: the paradox of design, Henry Petroski writes that “anticipating and identifying how a design can fail – or even be perceived as such – is the first step in making it a success” (Petroski 51). Working proactively to resolve failure before it happens is a surefire way to be closer to success. Petroski also writes about how to view failures in terms of success.