Beckett explores the theme of futility in an attempt to leave the audience with questions about the meaning of life. The techniques and ways in which he does this vary depending on the scene, but he relies heavily on the use of philosophical and emotional language and a shocking way to engage the audience intellectually and emotionally. All of the characters that Beckett presents in his work are used as literary constructs to create the tone and setting in which to develop and examine the theme of futility. The theme of futility is linked to the philosophy of nihilism and founded on the belief that our universe is stochastic and therefore structureless. If life has no coherent structure or meaning, it can ultimately be seen as futile. Beckett explores the theme of futility throughout the text in numerous ways. The theme of futility is immediately brought to the foreground at the beginning of the scene through the stage directions regarding Estragon's struggle with his boot. Sayings like “give up, try again… same as before” immediately set the tone of the futility of both his actions and the situation. This is further reflected in the setting of the work and the apparent nudity of the surroundings. The theme of futility is further reflected in the cyclical nature of the dialogue, meaning that nothing seems to change and everything is simply repeated, their conversation never reaching. a definitive conclusion, they are ultimately still "waiting for Godot" and longing for answers. The concept of time is used very successfully by Beckett to highlight and develop the theme of uselessness in Waiting for Godot. Time can be seen as a very fluid concept, in the sense that the audience is never informed of how I... center of paper... above. Although numerous techniques are employed to develop and influence the audience's understanding and perception of themes, he believes important, perhaps the most significant tool used by Beckett are motifs and some characterization. The work can be considered highly minimalist and therefore the dynamics that exist between the characters are essential to demonstrate and explore the theme of futility. Ultimately, the theme of uselessness and the effect it has on relationships and attitudes can be considered the most significant and widely explored by Beckett. In conclusion, futility is heavily involved in the play and Beckett explores it through the methods I have explored in this essay. Works Cited Beckett, Samuel. Waiting for Godot. 3rd ed. Np: CPI Group, 2006. Print. vol. 1 by Samuel Beckett: the complete dramatic works. 4 vols