Stark (2006) suggests that thirty years of research have failed to produce a consensus on what constitutes a case of domestic violence, considering that 90% of women who report the abuse do not have physical injuries. Coercive control methods do not satisfy the criminological point of view, rather the control extends to the financial, emotional and psychological aspects of the partner's submission, so no physical violence occurs. If only violent means were reported, then the reported number of victims would perhaps change thus creating a more gender symmetric pattern. Until operational definitions are defined consistently across disciplines, there will continue to be discrepancies and opposing views. However, integrative theories of feminist views are being explored that investigate the intersection of not only male dominance as a form of oppression, but also the use of race, class, national origin, age, sexual orientation, and disability and their impact on violence of the intimate partner as stated by McPhail and colleagues