1. Aspects of cultural geography: This is a field that focuses on the spatial aspects of human cultures, which is distributed between cultural homes and cultural landscapes. Cultural hearths are the crucibles of civilization that have changed regions, mainly due to cultural diffusion. Understanding cultural diffusions allows geographers to study the migration patterns of civilizations. The cultural landscape is the morphology created by a culture. Physical and cultural geography interact in unity.2. Hearths of world culture (Map Fig 7A-4): these hearths are melting pots of civilization; they are the source of innovations, ideas and ideologies that have contributed to changes in the region. Some of the major hearths of the world are West Africa, the Nile Valley, the Fertile Crescent, Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley, the Ganges Delta, the Wei/Huang Rivers, Mesoamerica, and Andean America. Cultural homes are part of cultural geography, and when cultural diffusion occurs, homes expand or contract and spread everywhere. The first two hearths were Mesopotamia and the Nile Valley.3. Mesopotamia and the Fertile Crescent: Mesopotamia had some of the most innovative individuals who developed the domestication of grain and livestock, began planting and harvesting, irrigating fields, and storing surpluses. This knowledge led to the Fertile Crescent, a combination of villages near and far where agriculture expanded, evolved and produced. Irrigation was an important factor in the power and prosperity of Mesopotamia and the development of the Fertile Crescent.4. Hydraulic Civilization Theory and Babylon: The ability to control irrigation in the vast hinterland created power over surrounding regions. They used food as a weapon, which allowed the Fertile......middle of paper......the Taliban: Afghanistan is the southernmost country of Turkestan, it is called a buffer state, because the British and Russians fought over the area in the 19th century. Conflicts with the Taliban began after the Soviet Union and the Cold War. After the Cold War, Kabol's rule led to the rise of the Taliban, individuals focused on strict Islamic law, and the Pashtuns supported the Taliban. Their restrictions have led to women taking on transitory roles, without education, work or freedom of movement. Public amputations and stonings took place to enforce Taliban codes. Children suffered in the transition, and the Taliban's goals were further away than the public or the Pashtuns wished. However, after the Cold War, the region had weapons and ammunition which led to invasion by the United States along with terrorist threats.