Great Expectations Josh Billings once said "to raise a child in the way he should go, travel in that direction yourself from time to time." There are few things as important in the development of young people as the influence of the adults around them. The example of influential adults will almost always dictate children's behavior in some way. Young people look for models and examples in the adults they meet. In the novel Great Expectations (1860) by Charles Dickens, lively adult characters such as the eccentric Miss Havisham, the enigmatic lawyer Jaggers, the simple but kind blacksmith Joe and the mysterious convict Magwitch have a fundamental influence on the development of the story's protagonist, Pip. They do this in two ways. In a novel about the moral education of a young man, the story's major secondary adult characters contribute to Pip's growth either as instigators of his expectations or as father figures or sometimes as both. Fittingly, the characters who fulfill Pip's "expectations" play an integral role in his life; they influence him and shape his development throughout the novel. First, Miss Havisham's had a significant impact on Pip's life. It is in Sati's house, her strange and decadent abode, that she initially comes into contact with the upper-class life to which she later aspires. On his first contact with a rich person, Miss Havisham pushes Pip to try to better himself financially. He also indirectly pushes Pip to change through his influence on Estella. Estella's cruel behavior towards Pip is a direct result of Miss Havisham's teachings. Bitter at the breakup of her engagement, Miss Havisham taught the girl to be cruel to men, so she learned to "break their hearts and have no mercy!" (Dickens, 108). Therefore, the beautiful Estella's cold reaction towards Pip and the way she patronizes him are the main reasons why he felt the need to change. It was she who convinced him that he was living "in a bad place" (75) and that he needed to raise his social status to be worthy of her attention. The impact of Miss Havisham's financial splendor and indirect cruelty make her an important instigator of change in Pip. Unlike the desire for change inspired by Miss Havisham's influence, the presence of the lawyer Jaggers in Pip's life brings tangible means of change. As the bearer of the news of Pip's new fortune and his guardian throughout his upbringing, Jaggers, acting on behalf of his unidentified client, is the character who financially transforms Pip's life by allowing him to hope for the life that Miss Havisham and Estella give him they inspired to have..