In the mid-nineteenth century, industrial America witnessed an evolving struggle between workers and big business. Although fiercely opposed by industrialists, growing labor movements in the steel and iron industries, which had become increasingly crucial to the modernization and emergence of the United States as a world power, experienced initial success for decades until the early 1990s. of the nineteenth century. The industry's strongest union, the Amalgamated of Iron and Steel Workers (AAIS), managed to garner the support of a growing number of members and national recognition from other labor organizations and the press, and by 1892 it was able to meet the challenge of the powerful Carnegie Steel Company. As many steelworkers recognized, the underlying question of the AAIS's legitimacy and survival proved central to the Homestead strike of 1892, one of the bloodiest labor clashes to date. Ultimately, despite the workers' efforts, the strike led to the destruction of AAIS by Carnegie Corporation, as its outcome revealed the vulnerability of labor organization against corporate power during the Gilded Age. Thus, due to the AAIS's capitulation to a combination of internal and external threats to its legitimacy and authority, the Homestead strike ultimately failed to produce lasting progress for the cause of American labor. This decisive failure was the result of the development of technological innovations that contributed to workers' loss of control over workplace conditions, the union's subsequent negative association with radical socialist and anarchist forces, and, finally, its vulnerability to the strategy and the moves of Carnegie Co. A. So, due to the union's debilitating failures in the workplace, in the company and in the media, the battle of...... middle of paper ......ard. A Century Passing: Carnegie, Steel and the Fate of Homestead, New York: University of America, 2004 A history of the Homestead Steel Mill and Homestead Pit since its founding, although focusing primarily on the strikes of 1889 and 1892. Includes many sources primary: letters, newspaper articles. Wolff, Leon. Lockout: A History of the Homestead Strike of 1892: A Study of Violence, Unionism, and the Carnegie Steel Empire. New York, Harper and Row Publishers, 1965. Wolff provides a brief account of the social and technological forces influencing steel union membership and national authority, the violence and government intervention during the strike, the profits of Carnegie and Frick and the losses of union leaders. during the period following the strike. Yellin, Samuel. American labor struggles in New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co. 1936; Reprinted New York: Arno Press, 1970.