IntroductionGenetically modified organisms (GMOs) are by far the most controversial topic in agriculture and food security efforts. These crops and food products, formed through the manipulation of DNA in a laboratory environment, are programmed to resist disease, drought, herbicides, etc., by inserting a gene from a plant or animal species into the modified plant's DNA sequence. The science is controversial because consumers are suspicious of technology that combines different species to create what critics call “frankenfood.” However, scientists and development specialists argue that GM technology has the potential to spark a “genetic revolution,” building on the agricultural success of the Green Revolution and bringing widespread food security to Africa. GM products increase agricultural productivity, and second-generation GMOs can also provide much-needed nutrients to malnourished people. Despite these optimistic expectations, the diffusion of GM technology on the African continent has been slow and has been met with widespread skepticism and mistrust. Currently, South Africa, Sudan, Burkina Faso and Egypt are the only African countries to commercially produce biotech crops. More countries are conducting extensive field testing and research and development programs, but there are several African countries that are openly against GMO production. Analyzes of this opposition abound, but no one so far has been able to offer a definitive explanation for why these countries are so averse to the technology. This article will seek to better understand and refine this question by outlining scientific studies regarding the safety of GMOs, summarizing European GMO policies, and discussing GMOs in Africa by looking at three individual case studies......half of the article.. ....cutivesummary/default.asp.Minde, IJ and Kizito Mazvimavi. "The economics of biotechnology (GMO) and the need for regional policy: the case of the Comesa countries". In AAAE Ghana Conference, 377-81, 2007. Mugabe, John. “Keeping Hunger at Bay: Genetic Engineering and Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa.” In Technopolicy Briefs: African Technology Policy Studies Network, 2003.Okeno, James A., Jeffrey D. Wolt, Manjit K. Misra, and Lulu Rodriguez. “Africa's Inevitable Path to Genetically Modified (GMO) Crops: Opportunities and Challenges for Commercialization.” New Biotechnologies 30, n. 2 (January 2013): 124-30.Paarlberg, Robert. "GMO foods and crops: Africa's choice". New Biotechnologies 27, n. 5 (November 2010): 609-13.———. “The Real Threat to GMO Crops in Poor Countries: Consumer and Political Resistance to GMO Foods in Rich Countries.” Food policy 27 (2002): 247-50.